Soke Kenwa Mabuni
About 1909, through an introduction by his friend Chojun Miyagi, Mabuni Sensei started to also train with KanryoHigaonna (sometimes known as Higashionna). Higaonna Sensei was a expert form the Naha region of Okinawa. Through Higaonna Sensei, Mabuni Sensei learned kata such as Saiha, Sanchin, Seienchin, Seipaiand others.
In 1915, both Itosu Sensei and Higaonna Sensei passed away within a short time of one another. Mabuni Sensei continued his training. Ultimately, he and Miyagi Sensei joined with other students of Karate to start a research group aimed at practicing and spreading Karate. During this time Mabuni Sensei also trained in and taught various forms of Okinanwan weaponry or Ryukyu Kobudo.
In 1929, MabuniKenwa Sensei moved his entire family to Osaka. There he established a small dojo and began teaching his unique art. HankoRyu or Half-Hard Style. In the 1930's, the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai (the Japanese martial arts sanctioning organization) began to demand the different groups applying for membership, be more specific in the description of their Karate systems, and pressured them to name their systems. Originally, MabuniKenwa Sensei thought to name his system Hanko Ryu or "half-hard" style. However, ultimately Mabuni Sensei decided on the name SHI TO which was formed by taking the first characters (kanji) from the names of his two primary teachers, Itosu and Higa(shi)onna. Thus, the name ShitoRyu has no literal meaning but rather honors the two main teachers in MabuniKenwa Sensei's life. In the same context, the kata syllabus of ShitoRyu is still listed as having two lineages, ItosuKe and Higaonna.
MabuniKenwa Sensei worked tirelessly to teach Karate throughout Japan. His efforts brought him into contact with other people who were essential to the growth of Karate in Japan. The impact that MabuniKenwa had on the development of Japanese Karate was tremendous. Many groups trace an element of their lineage back to him. MabuniKenwa died on May 23rd, 1952.
Master of Kenwa Mabuni
TODE SAKUGAWA
TODE SAKUGAWA was born in shuni. Kanga Sakugawa was
an Okinawan martial arts master and major contributor to the development
of Te, the precursor to modern karate In 1750, Sakugawa began his
training as a student of PeichinTakaharafrom the village 0f akata. After
six years of training with peichinTakaharahe suggested that Sakugawato
train under Kusanku, a Chinese master in Ch'uanFa. Sakukawa spent six
years training with Kusanku, and began to spread what he learned to
Okinawa in 1762Before Sakugawa was considered an expert in the Chinese hand fighting method. It is said that Sakugawa was awarded the title of Satonushi for his services to the Okinawa King.
Sakugawa soon started to teach the Chinese hand way in Okinawa. Combining what both his teachers had taught him, he structured a training system. This made him the first Okinawan teacher of Tode.
He became expert so that people gave him, as a nickname: "Tōde" Sakugawa. His most famous student is Matsumura Sōkon and later known as matsumoto.
Matsumura Sokon
Matsumura was recruited into the service of the Shō family, the royal family of the Ryūkyū Kingdom in 1816 and received the title Shikudon (also ChikudunPechin), a gentry rank. He began his career by serving the 17th King of Ryūkyū's second Shō dynasty, KingShōKō. In 1818 he married YonamineChiru, who was a martial arts expert as well. Matsumura eventually became the chief martial arts instructor and bodyguard for the Okinawan King ShōKō. He subsequently served in this capacity for the last two Okinawan kings, ShōIku and Shō Tai. Matsumura traveled on behalf of the royal government to Fuzhou andSatsuma. He studied ChuanFa in China as well as other martial arts and brought what he learned back to Okinawa.
He was the first to introduce the principles of Satsuma's swordsmanship school, Jigen-ryū, into Ryūkyūkobujutsu and he is credited with creating the foundation for the bōjutsu of Tsuken. He passed on Jigen-ryū to some of his students, including AnkōAsato and ItarashikiChochu. The TsukenBō tradition was perfected by TsukenSeisoku Ueekata of Shuri.
Matsumura is credited with passing on the Shōrin-ryūKempō-karate kata known as naihanchi I & II, passai, seisan, chintō, gojūshiho, kusanku (the embodiment of kusanku'steaching as passed on to TodeSakugawa) and hakutsuru.
Teachings of Bushi Matsumura
Matsumura was given the title "bushi" meaning "warrior" by the Okinawan king in recognition of his abilities and accomplishments in the martial arts. Described by Gichin Funakoshi as a sensei with a terrifying presence, Matsumura was never defeated in a duel, though he fought many. Tall, thin, and possessing a pair of unsettling eyes, Matsumura was described by his student AnkōItosu as blindingly fast and deceptively strong.
Yasutsune (Anko) Itosu
AnkoItosu is considered the father of modern Karate although the same title is sometimes given to Gichin Funakoshi (mainly because Funakoshi actually made Karate known throughout Japan.) Itosu's year of birth is dated in various sources to 1830, 1831, or 1832, and he died in 1915.
Itosu's style of Karate came to be known as Itosu-ryu in recognition of his skill,mastery and role as teacher to many.
Master Itosu trained a great number of eminent Karate men, including ChoyuMotobu (1857-1927), ChokiMotobu(1870-1944), KentsuYabu (1866-1937), Chomo Hanashiro (1869-1945), Gichin Funakoshi (1868-1957), ModenYabiku (1880-1941), Kanken Toyama (1888-1966), ChotokuKyan (1870-1945), Shinpan Shiroma (1890-1954), AnbunTokuda (1886-1945) and KenwaMabuni (1887-1952).
AnkoItosu served as a secretary to the last king of the Ryukyu Islands until Japan abolished the Okinawa-based native monarchy in 1879. In 1901 he was instrumental in getting Karate introduced into Okinawa's schools, creating and introducing the Pinan forms ("Heian" in Japanese, "PyungAhn" in Korean) as learning steps for students, because he felt the other forms ("kata" in Japanese, "hyung" in Korean) were too difficult for school children to learn. The five pinan forms were created by drawing from two older forms: kusanku (Korean: kong sang koon) and chiang nan (Korean: jaenam). Itosu is also credited with taking the large Naihanchi form (tekki in Japan) and breaking it into the three well-known modern forms NaihanchiShodan, NaihanchiNidan and NaihanchiSandan.
In 1908 Itosu wrote the influential "Ten Precepts (TodeJukun) of Karate", thus reaching beyond the shores of Okinawa to the heart of Japan itself.
KanryoHigashionna
Grandmaster KanryoHigaonna (Higashionna was the
original Okinawan pronounciation) was born on March 10, 1853, in Naha,
the capital city of Okinawa. His father, Kanyo, worked as a merchant
sailing between the small islands of Okinawa trading everyday goods.
From a young age KanryoHigaonna helped his father in this work and
through the hard physical labor that was involved he developed a strong
body. KanryoHigaonna was still in his teens when his father died
suddenly. Higaonna began his martial arts training in 1867 in Monk Fist Boxing (LohanQuan) from AragakiSeisho. In 1870, at the age of 16, he traveled with his instructor to Fuzhou, China. Once in Fuzhou he studied the Chinese martial arts under the great Master RuRuKo (XieZhonh Xiang in Chinese). RuRuKo was the founder of Whooping Crane gongfu and was a student of Pan Yuba who, in turn, was a student of Lin Shixian, a master of White Crane gongfu. Higaonna also received instruction from numerous other gongfu masters including WaiXinxian. Hiagaonna remained in China for a period of 5-13 years. In addition to studying empty hand and weapon arts, he also became accomplished in herbology and Chinese medicine, including acupuncture.
Chojun Miyagi (founder of Goju-Ryu and successor to Higaonna) said of Higaonna, "My sensei possessed incredible strength; the severity of the training he underwent in China is beyond comprehension.... Kanryo Sensei's speed and power were truly superhuman; his hands and feet moved faster than lightning". Words cannot express his real ability. We can only say that his skill was incredible, but even this fails to do him justice.
In the year 1881, he returned to Okinawa where his martial arts would become known as Naha-te though he always referred to it as chuanfa. KanryoHigaonna taught these martial arts to the people of Okinawa and at the same time continued his own research and practice. In order to teach the youth of Okinawa he developed a teaching method that was specifically designed to develop the mind and body; to improve both physical well-being.
The first occasion on which the previously secretive art of Naha-te "opened" to society in general, occurred in October 1905, when Higaonna began teaching at the Naha Commercial High School. When teaching, Higaonna was an extremely hard task master. However, in his everyday life he was a quiet and humble man and one who was renowned for his virtuous character. He was a person who had no need or desire for worldly things. He leads a simple life that was devoted to the study and practice of martial arts.
KanryoHigaonna is now bestowed with the title "Kensei (sacred fists) KanryoHigaonna" a title which is eminently fitting. His name is synonymous with Okinawan martial arts and Naha-te, and his spirit is destined to live on forever as a great and valued treasure within Okinawan culture.
KanryoHigaonna's whole life was devoted to Karate. He passed away in December 1915 at the age of 63.
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